Introduction
Introduction We do not deny that the discovery of optical fibers is considered a miracle in the field of communications, and the credit for that goes to the scientist "Graham Bell" a century ago, as his initial experiments to transmit sound by loading it on a light beam were the first step And it was followed by steps by scientists after him to reach this technology that caused a revolution in the world of communications between people as well as the transfer of information with high quality and for long distances. It is the technology of optical fibers ...